Biogas

That`s definition from http://en.wikipedia.org/, and i thing the energy resources have play role for people needs. Its play all activity to move the machine hat make people job getting easier. For nowadays that be a big problem because, its getting less and less. So people got to find another alternative energy that could produce quick, easy, cheap and not make any polution. Maybe biogas is one of energy alternative that will make people never worried again about energy. Because it makes from things that unused around us. It makes our world keep clean, but it still keep learning again because that is not so simple. So we just hope the scientist still doing their science to make us free from energy resources phobi.

Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced, while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products. It burns more cleanly than coal, and emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy. The harvesting of biogas is an important part of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. The carbon in biogas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than burning fossil fuels.

Recently, developed countries have been making increasing use of biogas generated from both wastewater and landfill sites or produced by mechanical biological treatment systems for municipal waste. High energy prices and increases in subsidies for electricity from renewable sources (such as renewables obligation certificates) and drivers such as the EU Landfill Directive have led to much greater use of biogas sources.

Landfill gas is produced from organic waste disposed of in landfill. The waste is covered and compressed mechanically and by the pressure of higher levels. As conditions become anaerobic the organic waste is broken down and landfill gas is produced. This gas builds up and is slowly released into the atmosphere. This is hazardous for three key reasons:

Risk of explosion

Global warming through methane as a greenhouse gas

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursor to photochemical smog

The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4 [3].

Typical composition of biogas[4] Matter %

Methane, CH4 50-75

Carbon dioxide, CO2 25-50

Nitrogen, N2 0-10*

Hydrogen, H2 0-1

Hydrogen sulphide, H2S 0-3

Oxygen, O2 0-2*

In some cases, biogas from landfills and sewage treatment contains siloxanes. During combustion of biogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and can combine with free oxygen or various other elements in the combustion gas. Deposits are formed containing mostly silica (SiO2) or silicates (SixOy) in general, but can also contain calcium, sulphur, zinc, phosphor… as indicated by the analysis piston scrapings from biogas-fired engines. These (mostly white) deposits can ultimately build to a surface thickness of several millimetres and are difficult to remove by chemical or mechanical means.

In internal combustion engines deposits on pistons and cylinder heads are extremely abrasive and even a small amount is sufficient to cause enough damage to the engine to require a complete overhaul at 5,000 h or less of operation. The damage is similar to that caused by carbon build up during light load running of diesel engines. Deposits on the turbine of the turbocharger will eventually reduce the charger’s efficiency.

Luckily, simply cooling the gas to roughly -4 C is sufficient to remove siloxanes due to condensantion.

Stirling engines are more resistant against siloxanes, though deposits on the tubes of the heat exchanger will reduce the efficiency

The methane in biogas forms explosive mixtures in air. The lower explosive limit is 5% methane and the upper explosive limit is 15% methane.

If biogas is cleaned up sufficiently, biogas has the same characteristics as natural gas. In this instance the producer of the biogas can utilize the local gas distribution networks. The gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality. Water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and particulates are removed if present at high levels or if the gas is to be completely cleaned. Carbon dioxide is less frequently removed, but it must also be separated to achieve pipeline quality gas. If the gas is to be used without extensively cleaning, it is sometimes cofired with natural gas to improve combustion. Biogas cleaned up to pipeline quality is called renewable natural gas or biomethane.

In this form the gas can be now used in any application that natural gas is used for. Such applications include distribution via the natural gas grid, electricity production, space heating, water heating and process heating. If compressed, it can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuel an internal combustion engine or fuel cells.

Gober gas is a biogas generated out of cow dung. In India, gober gas is generated at the countless number of micro plants (an estimated more than 2 million) attached to households. The gober gas plant is basically an airtight circular pit made of concrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed to the pit (usually directed from the cattle shed). The pit is then filled with a required quantity of water (usually waste water). The gas pipe is connected to the kitchen fire place through control valves. The flammable methane gas generated out of this is practically odorless and smokeless. The residue left after the extraction of the gas is used as biofertiliser. Owing to its simplicity in implementation and use of cheap raw materials in the villages, it is often quoted as one of the most environmentally sound energy source for the rural needs.

A biogas-powered train has been in service in Sweden since 2005

In the United States, because landfill gas contains these VOCs, the United States Clean Air Act and Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) requires landfill owners to estimate the quantity of non-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. If the estimated NMOC emissions exceeds 50 tonnes per year the landfill owner is required to collect the landfill gas and treat it to remove the entrained NMOCs. Treatment of the landfill gas is usually by combustion. Because of the remoteness of landfill sites it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity from the gas.

There a little definition of Biogas hope its usefull for all of you, that article i`ve found from http://en.wikipedia.org. Hope our lifes getting better and better.